Anyone have a good resource/code for the following task in SAS:
I have a study looking at the effect of 5 treatments on survival. In my time to event analysis, I have my time variable (days), status variable (censor vs death), and treatment variable (treatment: A, B, C, D, E). I want to present the differences in survival between treatment groups using Kaplan Meier curves and compare using the log rank test (PROC LIFETEST). I also want calculate the hazard ratios of treatments B, C, D, E, using A as reference, but I also want to control for covariates (age, gender, etc) and calculate their hazard ratios, as well. I’d like my table to basically look like this (example):
Treatment A: reference Treatment B: HR 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3 - 1.5) p<0.01 Treatment C: HR 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6- 0.9) p<0.05 Treatment D: HR 1.1 (95% CI: 0.9 - 1.2) p=0.1 Age: HR 2.3 (95% CI: 1.8 - 2.5) p<0.001 Female Gender (male as reference ): HR 0.3 (95% CI: 0.1 - 0.9) p=0.3 Etc...
I know this requires some sort of PROC PHREG procedure, but haven’t seen good examples online. Any resources and/or code would be greatly appreciated!

Hi guys,
I am trying to do a meta-analysis in patients with cancer.
A lot of the older trials have not reported the hazard ratio (95% CI)
However, those have reported the number of deaths in each arm, the median OS in months, and the kaplan meier curves.
Is there any way we can get a rough estimate of the the hazard ratio from either of those data points?
Any help would be much appreciated.
Thank you

So I need to calculate the two year probability of a patient experiencing stroke on the intervention treatment. The hazard ratio of intervention compared to placebo is 0.6. I also have the rate of event occuring in placebo, which is 10% per year.
Is it is simple as calculating the rate for intervention (i.e. 0.6 x 10 = 6) and then doubling to get 12% as the two year probability? OR should I first convert my HR into a probability? Thanks in advance!

If the data permits, what would be the advantage of calculating an incident rate ratio (IRR), when you're estimating how a particular exposure is associated with an outcome? If the data permits, would hazard ratios (survival analysis) be better?

Hi all. Non-statistician here working in healthcare. I'm not sure if I'm phrasing the question properly. Hopefully you get the jist of it.
Context: There was a recent trial in the NEJM that showed Lenvatinib was associated with significant improvements in progression-free survival (PFS) versus placebo in those with radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer.
They report:

The median progression-free survival was 18.3 months in the lenvatinib group and 3.6 months in the placebo group (hazard ratio for progression or death, 0.21; 99% confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.31; P<0.001).

Here's a screenshot of the survival curve and part of the results table.
Where I'm going with this: In RCTs that report event rates, you can calculate a relative risk and an absolute risk reduction. This information can then be conveyed to patients. For example, you have a 5-year risk of heart disease of 10%. Being on this drug can reduce your risk by about 25%, i.e. a 2.5% absolute reduction. Is this worth it to you to be on this drug?
Now, I'm not sure if it's possible to apply this kind of thinking with survival curves and hazard ratios. I've been told to think of hazard ratios "like" a relative risk (although I came across this article which insists otherwise). So, when I see the HR 0.21 (99% CI 0.14-0.31), I crudely think, "Okay that's a 80% 'relative' benefit, which makes it sound great, but what was the 'absolute' benefit in this trial?"
Question: Is it possible or valid to figure out an "absolute" benefit with the type of data reported in this trial?
Thanks!

I guess I’m what you’d call an addict. Junkie, even. Alcohol? No, I don’t touch the stuff. I drink it, hahaha. Don’t need hands to do that, hence the punchline. Drugs? I mean, I dabble. Recreationally. Whatever you got, if it’s free, I’ll shoot it up, lick it, smoke it, stick under my eyelid, snort it right into my aorta. And I’m not particularly picky either. Captain Cody, Skag, Mud, Fidgeridoo, Herbal Speedball, Organ Oil, Demmies, Miss Emma, Kickers, Mrs. O, Yog-Sothamines, XTC, Sneeze, R-Balls; if you have them, I’ll take them. Still not addicted to the stuff though.
No, my one and only addiction is exceedingly simple, yet intolerably hard to satisfy; FUCKED UP SHIT. I’m not talking about your everyday dark web snuff mind you. I need the real deal. Something about my brain's incapability to shoot me up with dopamine, oxytocin, serotonin and endorphins (the D.O.S.E), according to several online doctors. So it’s a medical thing. Still haven’t scored a prescription for it though.
In any case, my medical condition forces me to deep dive into the fuckiest corners of society. You have your dark underground clubs, murder parties, subteranean sickofests, torture theatres, decapitation diners, and the odd organ orgies, but what I really enjoy, what makes my D.O.S.E overflow, is the ones you never hear about. The ones you have to find. No invitations, no RSVPs. One day they just pop up like a popcorn baby, and before you know it, they’re gone.
I’ve been to a few of these over the years, and they never disappoint. I already told you about the Baby Killer Incident, yeah? Then you know what I’m talking about. Fucked up shit!
I happened upon this particular one by Chance. Chance being this stripper I know that’s into some ritualistic cannibalism or other (I don’t ask), and long story short she knew the sicko who was hosting the event. I was hesitant at first, this particular sicko placing fairly high on my shitlist of sickos, but hey, beggars can’t be choosers and all. Not to mention that my D.O.S.E-withdrawals were flaring up, making me in essence nothing more than a shivering sack of suicidal human tissue on the best of days.
So there I was in an abandoned mall, shivering sack of suicidal human tissue, idly accepting assorted drugs from random passer-by deviants taking a pity on me, when this guy comes up to me, all dressed up in a pink hazmat suit with a freaky unicorn horn (which, when I look back on it, was probably a massive drill-shaped dildo) stuck to his helmet, and he goes Hey Tilly (that’s my name, Tilly), Hey Tilly, he says. I hear you like fucked up shit.
Man, word gets around, I think to myself, but at the same time these loud fucking alarm bells starts going off in my head, accompanied by Soviet Union-amounts of red flags. How the fuck do you know my name? I ask.
Your ears, he answers. The guy told me to look for a man with fucked up ears.
Well, you found’em, I say, making sure to twirl around all ballerina-like, highlighting my ugly-ass ear-stumps. And what fucking guy gave you my name?
That guy, he mumbles idly, not actually pointing to anyone. Say, what happened to them?
To who?
Your, uh, ears.
Oh, that, I say. Sliced them off as a punchline in an elaborate Van Gogh-joke. Well, two seperate jokes, actually. Both Van Gogh-related though.
The guy nods, maybe smiles, but I can’t really tell because of the dildo-helmet, and beckons for me to follow him. Now, I don’t normally follow strange men into bathrooms, but sometimes that’s exactly what you should do. I guess learning when to do it, and when not to do it is an integral skill in this setting, but you’ll figure it out one way or another, so don’t worry too much about it.
Anyway, into the bathroom we go. Like the rest of the place it’s spotless, meaning there isn’t a single fucking spot that isn’t covered in grime or dirt or bodily fluids of some description, and I wrinkle my nose in disgust as the guy waves me into an empty stall at the far end of it.
I hesitate momentarily, my mind doing some olympic-levels of mental gymnastics to calculate the risk/reward-ratio of my current situation. I land on an even 50/50 - good enough - and I saunter into the stall, only to realise it’s not a bathroom stall at all.
Unexpected, I say, my D.O.S.E-levels elevating ever so slightly.
The guy starts descending the winding staircase leading god-knows-where, looking back at me when he notices I’m still just standing there sheepishly. You coming or what? he asks.
Fuck no, I think to myself. Yeah, I say.
Now, I’m no architect, but I’ll hazard a guess and propose that winding staircases are a rare find in your standard mall bathroom, abandoned or not. This wasn’t always a mall, was it? I ask.
Good eye, the guy answers. Used to be a church. I guess capitalism always wins, huh?
I just nod, soon enough realising these fucking stairs are neverending, like one of those spirals you see in old movies, you know, when someone is getting hypnotised? Then I think back on this woman I met when I was young. Younger? Time man, it’s always going somewhere, and I never really bothered catching up to it. Anyway, I think back on this woman I bumped into on the street, and how she out of the blue asks me if I’d seen her job, and I was like what the fuck do you mean?
I’ve lost my job, she says.
It’s always in the last place you look, I note.
That’s really helpful, she says unironically. Say, could you help me with something else?
What?
Do you know, she starts. Do you know how to rewind a winding staircase?
I don’t know man, that shit always stuck with me. Some kind of riddle? An elaborate joke? A covert Operation Mindfuck? Escaped lunatic lingo? In any case, that’s how I felt when we descended those stairs. Like I was rewinding a winding staircase.
Here we are then, the guy suddenly exclaims, bringing me out of my temporal trip down memory lane.
I am wildly underwhelmed at this point, but after letting my eyes get used to the dimly lit basement chamber, I can feel my brain starting to upchuck some good fucking shit into my system.
Champagne? the guy asks, beckoning to a rather unbecoming rat-faced girl in the corner to come hither with a tray of alcoholic beverages.
Don’t mind if I’m already two steps ahead of you, I think, having snatched a bottle I found sitting by the stairs. I pop it open, and enjoy the weird expressions on their faces as I chug the whole fucking thing in a manner of seconds. Tastes like an aging puke-shit hybrid, but my think-organ seems to enjoy it, and I’m not one to start a fight with my own fucking brain.
I watch the two of them trade looks of confusion, realisation, and then something I (falsely) identify as fear, then turn my attention to the tied up naked man at the far end of the room. I think I forgot to mention him, but he was there too. In fact, he was the sole reason my D.O.S.E was elevating - the prospect of some kind of fucked up torture show enough to get my juices flowing.
Now what? the girl asks. Do we tell him?
Fuck it, the guy says, and then proceeds to bash half of my skull in with a crowbar.
You know the part in every fucking action movie where the main character knocks some poor unnamed henchman unconscious? Do you realise how fucking dangerous that is? Concussions are silent killers man. Could’ve inflicted some serious brain damage too. Those fuckers can fuck you up for life.
Anyway, I guess I must’ve been out for a few, because when I woke up, I found myself dangling from the ceiling, my body suspended mid-air by some rather sturdy-looking chains.
You fucked up royally this time Tilly, the dildo-helmet proposed.
If my jaw hadn’t felt like someone had ripped it out, then jammed it back in the wrong way around, I probably would have responded with a witty remark. As circumstances were though, I felt forced to reply with a half-hearted Guh?
Let’s show you exactly how much you fucked up, the guy says.
My mind slips in and out of what I assume is consciousness, but it’s like my thoughts are torn in half; one side continuously trying to make sense of what I’m seeing, and the other rapidly filling with nausea-inducing dread. Both are fucking screaming though, my stump-ears somehow hearing the inside of my mind lamenting as it drowns slowly in an all-consuming madness.
The naked man screams too, but he’s more physical about it. How can a supposedly regular set of lungs contain that much air, I find myself thinking. His skin is a deep shade of red, some of it undoubtedly caused by lack of oxygen, some of it by the ever-growing stream of blood ceaselessly dripping down from his soon-to-be empty eye-socket.
Pull it Ems! the guy yells.
The rat-faced girl, Ems, has this horrid fucking grin on her face. You know how an old lemon looks, like a really shrivelled up piece of lemon? All wrinkles and browning leathery texture? That was her face. All fucking rotting wrinkled lemon texture smiles.
Pull it!
Ems got the naked man’s eye firmly gripped between her thumb and index, long dirty fingernails digging into the spongy vitreous, having now pulled it about an inch or so outside of the poor fucker’s socket. And I can just tell by her posture that she’s readying herself for that final, horrible yank.
I want to close my eyes so badly at this point, you know, just fucking succumb to the madness my brain is desperately conjuring up to save me, but at the same time I can’t. I physically cannot get my eyelids to work. I don’t know why, but that fucking fact freaks me out more than anything else going on.
And then it happens. With a swift, overly dramatic motion, she rips the fucking eye all the way out, and the man’s tormented shrieks reaches sonic levels that transcends human hearing. My ears are ringing, my mind is swirling, and my eyes are itching.
Watch this Tilly, the guy says coldly. Watch this fucking shit real closely.
And I do. Barely conscious at this point, hanging onto sanity only by fucking ignoring reality as a concept, I watch as Ems drops the severed eye to the dirty grime-covered floor, the disgusting fucking thing still somehow connected to the man via the optical nerves - impossibly long squirming crimson tendrils.
What the fuck? I mumble.
I told you, the guy chuckles. I fucking told you.
It’s hard to say how many there were. Countless maybe. Countless and then some, probably. Thin crimson worms, entangled in each other, organically interwoven to form a disgusting chain from the naked man’s empty eye socket to the severed eye on the floor. I could see them slithering in perfect repulsive unison, and suddenly the eye starts...moving.
This is the best part, the guy says.
The squirming chain slowly starts retracting, the blue of the eye turning a savory shade of grime-grey as it is dragged across the floor, up the naked man's legs, stomach, neck, face, until finally, after what seems like an eternity, it pops right back into the socket with a repulsive gloooph.
My stomach wants me to vomit now, but it’s barren and dry and empty and sour, so instead my brain takes control, a tempting blank void all the way in the back of my mind presented as a possible solution. But they won’t let me go. Ems erupts in a maniacal laughter, like the sound of a chainsaw on rough concrete, and the guy soon follows. I feel the muscles in my back contracting all seizure-like; more than likely my body’s last desperate attempt at shutting me down.
The naked man has stopped screaming now, the tortured wails replaced by a deep gargle, slime and blood mixed together in the back of his throat. Maybe his nightmare will end, I think, but then I realise it won’t. It hasn’t. It’s still going.
The eye is still moving.
Being dragged now inside his skull, I see the spongy texture of it bending and morphing hideously as it squeezes past bone structures that are by far too fucking narrow, and then it disappears completely, accompanied by a soundscape of gloophs and schlucks.
The man topples over, still tied to the chair, and convulses in agony for minutes, until it all suddenly stops.
I have never experienced such silence. That’s how I imagine space, you know. A great old big fucking vast empty nothingness of all the senses.
And now, the guy says, standing over the corpse of the naked man. Now it is your turn.
Ems hideous face morphs into that smile again. Big old lemon wrinkled smile. I remember her crooked yellow fingernails so vividly, horrid jagged things inching closer and closer to my eye, until I could feel them scraping on my exposed pupil.
I guess my mind found a way out right then. Fucking took it long enough though, but I figure I must have passed out, maybe from the pain, maybe from the fear, maybe from the exhaustion. Most likely neither of those, though.
When I woke up, I was alone, face down in my own sour-dry vomit on the ground. No naked corpse man, no dildo-helmet guy, no lemon-smiled Ems. I spent a good fifteen minutes checking my eyes, trembling fingers tracing them, you know, just to see if they were still there. And they were. They were fucking solid. They were fucking perfect.
I guess I spent a few weeks or so recuperating from that shit, but I’ve never felt quite the same. Turns out there’s a reason for that.
It’s weird you know, how I didn’t realise it sooner. I might be a fucked up piece of shit, but I’m no dummy. Gotta hand it to them though, it was a clever way to do it. Offering you a drink. I guess that’s how they got it in the naked man too. I suppose that’s why they told me I fucked up. Took too much, as the saying goes. Chugged the whole infestation.
I cut myself shaving this morning. Just a tiny nick, you know. But where you’d expect blood, there was none. Instead I was greeted with the unseemly sight of a thin crimson worm, dangling restlessly by my nose.
Now if that’s not some FUCKED UP SHIT, I don’t know what is.
TCC

(Probably) FINAL UPDATE 1/3 I have hit my wall, and so have others. This event IS. NOT. BEATABLE. Details in Updates.
I will still answer questions throughout the event if anyone still needs help!

Table of Contents (To easily find what you want)

Updates
Introduction
Important Points and major differences
What Hazard level to go for? (With in-depth details)
Should I buy SC in the relay packs?
About Pinned Missions
Tricks for getting more Syndicate Coins
Desert Disaster
Lightspeed Chase
Among Skyscrapers
Twilight Getaway

Spreadsheet mentioned

1. Updates

(1/3 final update)

If you have set your sights on getting the LVN, look no more! Cause... it won't happen. Literally. Here is a vid of a guy downing 400,000 SC on BP packs to star up the LVN for Burning Pursuit VII. Notice there aren't individual BP even for sale. Honestly, it is painful to watch.
I have updated the Spreadsheet all the way through Burning Pursuit VI. I have yet to see anyone get any further. Use the spreadsheet to get the best ratio of SC you can, and upgrade the cars you like, because the LVN is out of range. Sorry guys :/
Updated the last parts in Burning Pursuit.
I will still answer any questions I can! Feel free to comment if you have any questions about anything! :)

(12/29)

Updated some of the spreadsheet, thanks to u/brorius.
Gotta be honest, I have worked so much on the pinned missions on Burning Pursuit, frequently getting zero. I don't have much left I can get, so I personally will be at a wall soon.

(12/26)

Added SC given in each of the pinned missions, to help you decide if you want to keep going (thanks to u/Thr0w_away_20!)
About increased cost to Epics: I can't figure out a pattern to the cost of epics. Epics do cost more each time, ~~but as for the rate, I am a bit lost... For example the first Apex epic costs 69,444 SC, and~~ u/Didelididelidoo ~~confirmed that the next one is about 79,000 SC, a 13% increase.~~ . Then u/Eddles999 mentioned that the 4th is 90,276 SC and the 5th is 97,220, ~~a 7.7% increase.~~ So, as a general rule, think ~~roughly~~ 10% ~~give or take~~. Think of that as you want to think what you want to upgrade. (Update 12/27) u/HuzzahA9 confirmed that the cost each time for the Apex increased 6944 SC each time. Thanks to you guys!
I have been trying to reply to all comments asking for help, and there have been quite a few, so if you didn't get an answer, comment again cause I might have missed it!

(12/24)

CONFIRMED! A ridiculous 216,000 SC is needed to upgrade the Bugatti LVN in order to finish Twilight Getaway. This requires 12,000 SC each for all four parts, a total of 48,000 SC. This also needs three import parts EACH, which are 18,000 SC each, equaling 216,000. A TOTAL OF 26400 SC, just to move on to the next stage. That is a HUGE jump, so keep this in mind. In all honesty, if I wasn't making this guide, I would stop here, and buy the epics for the APEX, and get that sucker golden.
IMPORTANT STRATEGY I HIGHLY recommend using the spreadsheet to do the races with better ratios, even intentionally losing the races with bad ratios. Especially if you don't have previous cars fully starred. SC requirements are a b****.
Big point about LVN requirements, decision making. The end of Twilight Getaway requires 3 import parts in addition to meet the required rank. In this screenshot you can see the requirements. See updates for more details.
Twilight Getaway completed.
Added/Started Burning Pursuit
I really hope I don't get stopped here...
Spreadsheet updated

(12/22)

Removed strong suggestion to have fully starred cars
Added Twilight Getaway (~~ongoing)~~ complete
Added Required Rank for each part of each stage, starting from Twilight Getaway (sorry, I don't remember before that point)
Added a shortcut to the spreadsheet in Table of Contents
Added more races/ratios to the spreadsheet. Will do every stage.
GOT TO STRESS: The upgrades are EXPENSIVE! Keep doing the daily credit event in daily events for credits! This will be my biggest barrier moving forward in completing the guide.
Helpful hint for "Hunted" races: In parts where you have to go through barriers, using touchdrive made is significantly easier, though you have to swipe quickly sometimes.

2. Introduction

Once again, I am making this guide from my own experience. I will do my best to post as much as I can, but I can't promise everything. I will update as much as possible. I will ~~put a strike through~~ anything that I originally say but turns out to be different. I will post an update and when in bold. That said, I will do my best.
If you are looking for the Rimac DS event on Switch, I made a guide for it last year, and it should be the same. Here is the link IMPORTANT POINT: According to other players on Switch, the event is NOT the same as my previous guide. It appears to be more P2W. So, use it more as a guideline rather than completely accurate. Sorry :/

3. First off, key differences and other key points (Important)(Updated 12/22)!

Unlike DS2, there is only one option at a time until Lightspeed Chase II. From there, you should always go for the higher level.
The Legend Pass is NOT needed! (at least it doesn't seem like it will be needed)
(Update 12/22) ~~FOUR STAR CARS ARE REQUIRED~~ ~~unlike last year. Keep this in mind.~~ Not true!
(Update 12/22) In order to get the best ratio of Syndicate Coins (SC) to Syndicate Points (SP), you should ALWAYS do the level three runs. ~~I am not even going to mention level one and two, because the reward is not worth it.~~ We have found that in the long run, it is better not to fully upgrade the car, just 2* below the max level. For this reason, I will be mentioning at some points.
It looks like there are cars that have been used before (Arrinera Hussarya 33, Apex Ap-0, and Porche 911GT3 RS), so there may not be a need to strategize as much. Update: still strategy is needed, but it will be easier if you already have these unlocked/starred.
THE PRICE OF INDIVIDUAL BP GOES UP AFTER EACH PURCHASE! For example, the first buyable BP for the BMW I8 Roadster is 1000 SC, the next being 1100, then 1200, 1300, 1400, etc.
The reward BP are only once, so you don't have to worry about planning rewarded BP.
The recharge time for Hazard Level is 15min for 1 slot
DON'T FORGET ABOUT DAILY CREDIT (YELLOW COIN) EVENTS (The ones that are in daily events)! This special event will need a lot of cars to be upgraded, which takes a LOT of credits. Make sure you do these every day to keep up with the upgrades.
There doesn't seem to be a limit in number of ads you can watch to refill the Hazard Level bar. I did over 50 the first night to write this walkthrough. Update: This is confirmed on Android for me, but Windows does seem to have a limit. (Thanks to u/RON8579!)

4. Should I always aim for Hazard Level 3? Or is level 2/1 okay?

Easy tl;dr: For cars you don't already have, keeping it two stars BELOW MAX is the most effecient! ALWAYS do the level 3 races if you already have it pretty high. (At least for cars so far). THIS IS ASSUMING THESE CARS WON'T NEED TO BE FULLY STARRED LATER ON.
Slightly more detailed tl;dr: Depends on your end goal/what you have. If you already have a lot of BP for many cars, do the level 3 races only. And if you get lucky on the rolls. If you don't think you can fully staupgrade your car, you can do the lower ones, but will get significantly less SC. If you already have the car fully starred, or close to fully starred, definitely do the level 3 ones. Otherwise, star it to two stars below max.
Now the math. Basically, the ratio for level 3 is roughly 2:1. For level 2, about 5-6:1. For level 1, about 6-7:1. So if you double the number of races at level 2 rather than level 3, reaching the same amount of SP, you will still have less SC.
Here is a spreadsheet of all the details
One extra thing, u/LordMadPunt made a decent point: "You can eke out a few extra SPs with this rule (also from the previous DS): Always use the highest hazard level that does not complete the mission. If completing the mission is unavoidable, use the highest hazard level for that." This is a good point to get just a little extra from the missions. However, if the SP will be the same (as seen in the last line of my spreadsheet), level 3 is still best.

But what if you don't want to/can't upgrade your car all the way?

I did the math on that for in both Lightspeed Chase and Among Skyscrapers. Whatever you do, you will need BMW I8 Roadster at at least 2*, fully upgraded. To get to 4*, you will need 75 BP. The drop rate for the packs is 20%. Using just this, lets say it would take about 32 rolls, or 160,000 SC, then buy all 10 of the individual BP (much cheaper), for 14,500 SC. Total, 174,500.
But that is a pretty crappy situation, because it doesn't take into account the guaranteed drops. I found that I got on average about 2.7 per roll. 75 BP - 10 individual BP = 65 BP / 2.7 = about 24 rolls. 24x5000 = 120,000 + 14,500 for the individual BP, 134,500 SC. Still a lot. But again, it depends on your luck.
What do you get by fully starring? For 3*, 10000 SC in pinned missions, and for 4* 20000 SC. Then take into mind the losses in not doing the hazard level 3 and then 2. I didn't calculate this when I originally did it, but from my own guesses from my other calculations. Let's say even liberally, (can someone confirm?) another 20000 SC lost.
In total, this is 50,000 SC you can get from having a fully starred.
This is no where close to the amount spent. Even from my more realistic, better chance roll, that is still 134,500 - 50,000 = 84,500 extra you will have to pay.
In short, you will get to keep more SC by only starring up BMW I8 Roadster to 2\. Even if my math is off a bit, still a much better deal! I 4\ it all the way, and I personally really like it, but it seems like it is not needed.
What about the Arrinera Hussarya 33? Whatever you do, you will need Arrinera Hussarya 33 at at least 3*, fully upgraded. To get to 5*, you will need 63 BP.
Using the above rate, you will need to roll 20 times for 53 BP, (150,000 SC) plus all 10 individual BP (22,000ish?), which is 172,000. What do you miss? 50,000 in pinned missions, and to my calculations, about another 50,000 in Hazard 3 missions. 172,000 - 100,000 = 72,000 extra needed to fully star.
Key point! This is assuming you have no BP of the Arrinera Hussarya 33 at the beginning of the event. Fewer BP are needed obviously, so it costs less to fully star. I had the Arrinera Hussarya 33 already fully starred, so it makes sense to fully star and do the level 3 races if you have it already or are close.
Conclusion? If you don't start with the car fully starred or close to it, don't spend the SC to do it unless you get lucky with a higher drop rate or luck with jackpots. Unless of course you like that car and want to fully star it :P
Even if my estimations for SC earned from level 3 races is way off, it still isn't worth it if you start from zero on that car*.*

5. Should I buy SC with tokens in the shop?

Easy answer, yes, at least the first 2 or 3. I personally bought the first two (totaling 50,000SC) at the beginning, as that was what I needed last year. Once I needed to star up the I8 Roadster, I didn't quite have enough SC to star it up without buying any. You might get lucky, but it is Gameloft. Then, when I got to Lightspeed Chase III, I needed more, so the first purchase was definitely needed. When I started Lightspeed IV, I had no choice but to buy the third pack (50,000)

6. About "PINNED MISSIONS" for extra SC

These are very easy to pass. They are all Money Run, and the only to know is if you get fewer coins, you will need to run them more. But because they are easy to beat, this is the only place I will mention them.
The police are actually good to have here! Each knockdown is +125. And if you get another within a couple seconds, it is +325.
The goal is NOT to win. Drift, slow down, get chances to knock down the other races.
Jumping through the air and Shockwaving stops your SC from decreasing.
Update: It is actually easier to get more SC when your car matches the recommended (required) rank. When your car is much faster than the others, they fall behind easily, and therefor can't knock them down to get more SC. This doesn't affect the total you will get, but saves grinding/sanity time.
Update 12/26 added Pinned Missions amounts to each race.

7. Tricks for getting more Syndicate coins

There are a few little tricks to get the most Syndicate coins as possible. u/dragom7 made a great page with details you can find here. I have tested it myself, and it works! Especially the intentional losing of a match (thanks also u/neverchurningbutter!). Go for the lowest ratio in this spreadsheet, and thanks to u/dragom7's suggestion, I highlighted the races with the best and worse ratios (starting from Twilight Getaway). Just be careful, the way I wrote ratios and the way he did are different!
Also, as mentioned in other areas, if Syndicate Coins is a priority, be sure to NOT upgrade your cars all the way.
(Update 12/24) Also also, some level 2 hazard races have a ratio worse than some level 1s, so check out this spreadsheet to find out what has the best ratios are.
(Update 12/24) If you are REALLY pushing to get the most SC (and you have the time to watch extra ads), intentionally lose frequently if the ratio isn't good. In theory, you could get a lot more if you only played the ones with good ratios. It would just take a long time....

8. Desert Disaster

This one is very straight forward. It does not take any Hazard Level during the whole thing, most (all?) are just "Finish the race" goals. You get to used a maxed Rimac for free, and all the races are on the new Nevada track. It is pretty easy to get first if you are used to the track from A8 back in the day. New players may have a little trouble because THIS CAR IS FAAAASST. So heads up. But all in all, all four of these are pretty easy (including a special little surprise for the story at the end...)
*30 BP for the I8 Roadster is given as a reward at the end, unlocking it.*
You can get 10,000 SC from pinned missions.

9. Lightspeed Chase

The main races are done in San Francisco.
For the BMW I8 Roadster:
2* 23BP
3* 33BP
4* 42BP (Yes, 4* is needed this time around in order to get the Hazard Level 3 races as well as the pinned missions)
Total Credit cost was more than 1,500,000. A lot. Do the Daily credit events. I will try to record exactly how much for other cars.
One pack is 500 SC, (10-pack 5000 SC). Individual BP are available starting at 1000 SC, then 1100 SC, 1200 BP, etc., up to 10 BP.
Epic Card for BMW I8 Roadster: 27,778 SC ~~(one also available from Milestones from MP 12/18-12/24)~~ (Update, event over). Each additional epic costs 10% more (2778(?) more) each time you buy one.
In general, the courses aren't too bad. Unlike the previous event, you can't restart the game to change the options. Once you get to Lightspeed Chase II, two levels appear. At Lightspeed Chase III, three levels appear. ~~DO NOT DO THE LOWER LEVEL ONES. ONLY THE LEVEL 3 ONES~~ ~~if you are trying to go all the way, as these give the best SC ratio~~. See #2 above for why this is no longer true.
As stated above, if your goal is to fully upgrade the BMW I8 Roadster, do so before unlocking Among Skyscrapers, as the purchasable BP and the Epic Parts will no longer be available. This means not finishing Lightspeed Chase V.
In Lightspeed Chase V, you will use the Bugatti La Voiture Noire, which will require upgrades to stage 1 (Yes, just stage one). HOWEVER this requires 4,600 SC for each of all four parts, a total of 17,400 SC. Keep this in mind while you play Lightspeed Chase.
The last stage also is a 1v1 race with a time of 1:49 to beat. Note that this is the first race with a time goal. You won't be able to beat the other racer, as the Green Lizard is supposed to have a superior ride at this point. The time itself, without any big mistakes, is not a big challange.
*30 BP for the Arrinera Hussarya 33 is given as a reward at the end.* It takes 35 BP (according to the wiki page) to unlock. You can get the remainder from the shop when Lightspeed V is completed.
At the end of Lightspeed Chase, I had about 55,000 SC (including the 150,000 SC bought with tokens) to get going on Among Skyscrapers.
Pinned Missions SC given:
Lightspeed Chase I: 10,000.Lightspeed Chase II: 10,000.Lightspeed Chase III: 10,000.Lightspeed Chase IV: 20,000

10. Among Skyscrapers

The main races are done in New York.
For the Arrinera Hussarya 33 (the wiki page):
1* 35BP (Yes, you will need 5 more BP than what is given as a reward)
2* 15BP
3* 21BP
4* 28BP
5* 35BP (Fully upgraded, but epic parts not needed)

One pack is 750 SC, (10-pack 7500 SC). Individual BP are available starting at 1500 SC. I don't know how much is goes up nor how many are available, as I already had this fully starred. If it is the same as the BMW, it will go up 10% after each one bought. *Someone hit me up and I will add it!
Epic Card for Arrinera Hussaryar 33: 41,667 SC. Each additional epic costs 10% more (4167 more) each time you buy one.
In general, the courses aren't too bad. Unlike the previous event, you can't restart the game to change the options. Once you get to Among Skyscrapers II, two levels appear. At Among Skyscrapers III, three levels appear. DO NOT DO THE LOWER LEVEL ONES if you have it at a high level already. ONLY THE LEVEL 3 ONES if you are trying to go all the way, as these give the best SC ratio. See 2.Should I always aim for hazard level 3? Or are level 1/2 okay? above for details as to why.
As stated above, if your goal is to fully upgrade the Arrinera Hussaryar 33, do so before finishing Among Skyscrapers VI, as the purchasable BP and the Epic Parts will no longer be available.
In Among Skyscrapers VI, you will use the Bugatti La Voiture Noire, which will require upgrades to stage 2 . This requires 7,500 SC each for all four parts, a total of 30,000 SC.
The last stage also is a 1v1 race with a time of 1:47 to beat. You won't be able to beat the other racer (I freakin 360 spinned him and he crashed at82% of the course, and he still won!), as the Green Lizard is supposed to have a superior ride at this point.
*30 BP for the Apex AP-0 is given as a reward at the end.* It takes 45 BP (according to the wiki page) to unlock. You can get the remainder from the shop when Among Skyscrapers VI is completed.
On a bit of a strange note, I had the absolute worse luck on the pinned missions in Among Skyscrapers III. The starting amount was always low and it took me FOREVER to get it maxed.
~~At the end of Among Skyscrapers, I had about 55,000 SC (including the 150,000 SC bought with tokens), to get going on Among Skyscrapers. But, I already had the Hussarya 33 fully starred.~~ This seems pointless to point out since everyone will be at a different points/SC amounts depending on what cars they already have unlocked as well as what path they choose.
Pinned Missions SC given:
Among Skyscrapers I: 10,000.Among Skyscrapers II: 10,000.Among Skyscrapers III: 10,000.Among Skyscrapers IV: 20,000.Among Skyscrapers V: 30,000.

11. Twilight Getaway

The main races are done in Rome.
For the Apex AP-0 (the wiki page):
1* 45BP 2* 17BP 3* 23BP 4* 32BP 5* 45BP
Twilight Getaway I: Hazard 3 2626 (1*) Pinned Missions: 15,000 SC
Twilight Getaway II: Hazard 3 2926 (2*) Hazard 2 2626(1*) Pinned Missions: 15,000 SC
Twilight Getaway III: Hazard 3 3189 (3*) Hazard 2 2926 (2*) Hazard 1 2626(1*) Pinned Missions: 15,000 SC
Twilight Getaway IV: Hazard 3 3547 (4*) Hazard 2 3189 (3*) Hazard 1 2926(2*) Pinned Missions: 30,000 SC
Twilight Getaway V: Hazard 3 3810 (5*) Hazard 2 3547 (4*) Hazard 1 3189(3*) Pinned Missions: 45,000 SC
Twilight Getaway VI: Hazard 3 3980 (1*) LVN (INCLUDING IMPORT PARTS!)
One pack is 1250 SC, (10-pack 12500 SC). Individual BP are available starting at 2500 SC. I don't know how much is goes up nor how many are available, as I already had this fully starred. If it is the same as the BMW, it will go up 10% after each one bought. *Someone hit me up and I will add it!
Epic Card for Apex Ap-0 : 69,444 SC Each additional epic costs 10% more (6944 more) each time you buy one.
The difficulty has stepped up in this set, at least for me it felt that way. Be sure to play only Hazard level 3 missions through Twilight Getaway III if you can, as 3* Apex is REQUIRED to move on.
As stated above, if your goal is to fully upgrade the Apex AP-0, do so before finishing Twilight Getaway VI, as the purchasable BP and the Epic Parts will no longer be available.
In Twilight Getaway VI, you will use the Bugatti La Voiture Noire, which will require upgrades to stage 3 . This requires 12,000 SC each for all four parts, a total of 48,000 SC. This needs three import parts EACH, which are 18,000 SC each, for a total of 216,000!! (CONFIRMED 12/24)
The last stage also is a 1v1 race with a time of 1:46 to beat. You (probably) won't be able to beat the other racer, as the Green Lizard is supposed to have a superior ride at this point.
*30 BP for the Porsche 911 GT RS is given as a reward at the end.* It takes 55 BP (according to the wiki page) to unlock. You can get the remainder from the shop when Twilight Getaway VI is completed.

12. Burning Pursuit

The main races are done in Cairo.
*NOTE: This is the first section of the event that needs a 4* car to advance. Also, thanks a bunch to broius for info of parts beyond what I could get! Proof
For the Porsche 911 GT3 RS (the wiki page):
1* 55BP 2* 18BP 3* 24BP 4* 32BP 5* 47BP 6* 47BP
Burning Pursuit I: Hazard 3 2109 (1*) Pinned Missions: 20,000 SC
Burning Pursuit II: Hazard 3 2458 (2*) Hazard 2 2109(1*) Pinned Missions: 20,000 SC
Burning Pursuit III: Hazard 3 2806 (3*) Hazard 2 2458 (2*) Hazard 1 2109 (1*) Pinned Missions: 20,000 SC
Burning Pursuit IV: Hazard 3 3285 (4*) Hazard 2 2806 (3*) Hazard 1 2458 (2*) Pinned Missions: 20,000 SC
Burning Pursuit V: Hazard 3 3677 (5*) Hazard 2 3285 (4*) Hazard 1 2806 (3*) Pinned Missions: 60,000 SC
Burning Pursuit VI: Hazard 3 3893 (6*) Hazard 2 3677 (5*) Hazard 1 3285 (4*) Pinned Missions: 100,000 SC
Burning Pursuit VII: Hazard 3 ~~UNKNOWN~~. 4007 (2*) YUP YOU READ THAT RIGHT! YOU GOTTA STAR UP THIS THING! 45,000 SC for 10-pack, so probably around 900,000+ SC if you are lucky! Not to mention the upgrades themselves. I have yet to see a single person actually do it.
Here is a vid of a dude with 400,000 SC spending on the packs. Spoiler, he didn't get it.
One pack is 2000 SC, (10-pack 20000 SC). Individual BP are available starting at 4000 SC.
Epic Card for Porsche 911 GT3 RS : 111,111 SC Each additional epic costs 10% more (11,111 more) each time you buy one.
~~As stated above,~~ ~~if your goal is to fully upgrade the Porsche 911 GT3 RS, do so before finishing Burning Pursuit VII, as the purchasable BP and the Epic Parts will no longer be available~~ (Update 1/3)If you are reading this, you won't be able to progress further, so take your time getting the epics if that is your goal.
(to be continued [edited] ~~as I clear more/more becomes available~~ if someone can actually get farther)
~~I really hope I can get all the way through the DS even :/~~ Won't happen, sadly...

TLDR: use this excel spreadsheet to calculate your strategy for a stage.
TLDR2: do hazard level 3, but only go for 2000-3000 SP hazard 3 missions, except for the last one. See below for how it is applied to lightspeed IV.
As u/conradbilly mentioned in his guide , you should almost always do hazard 3 missions for their higher coin payout. This is because the best way to avoid running into a paywall is to maximize your syndicate coin earnings.
That advice is good. But nowhere close to optimal.
This is because even for the same stage and the same chapter, not all hazard 3 missions are created equal for Drive Syndicate 3.
For example, Lightspeed Chase IV, has the following different possible payout configurations for hazard level 3 missions:

1200 coins for 2250 SP (coin ratio of 0.533)
1600 coins for 3375 SP (coin ratio of 0.474)
2000 coins for 5250 SP (coin ratio of 0.381)

Now consider that Lightspeed IV is completed at 25k SP, and the ratio becomes significant.

25000*0.533= 13333 syndicate coins
25000*0.381 = 9524 syndicate coins

In other words, there is a 4k coin difference in the syndicate coins you earn from the stage, amounting to 2-3 car bps! You might not think it is a lot, but it could mean the difference between progressing and not progressing in the drive syndicate.
In order to refresh the mission list, you have two methods: - (Recommended after Lightspeed): logout on your asphalt app, switch racer accounts, and then switch back. (For example, I switched between my iOS game center account and my facebook account) - (more convenient, recommended for Lightspeed): pick a hazard level 1 mission, and then fail it (this is as easy as starting the mission, then tapping “quit race”)
Now, we can do even better than 13333 for Lightspeed IV when it comes to syndicate coins. This is because of the following fact: missions that complete the stage keep their syndicate coin payouts. In other words, if you are at 24999/25000 from completing the stage, the hazard 3 mission that normally carries the 5250 SP and 2000 coin payout will instead carry 1SP but keep its 2000 coin payout.
This means the optimal strategy for Lightspeed IV is as follows: - 11 of the 2250 SP missions (gets you to 24750) - followed by 1 of the 5250 SP hazard 3 mission, which is now marked down to 250 SP.
This strategy gives you 15200 syndicate coins for Lightspeed IV, significantly more than the ~11000 you would get on average without this strategy.
In other words, while you can’t control your luck with the blueprint packs, you can control how many of them you can afford to open. To guarantee progression in Drive syndicate, this strategy should definitely be used and abused.

TL;DR: Vegan Gains is incorrect. All cause mortality risks relative to regular meat eaters for low meat eaters, fish eaters, and vegetarians/vegans aren't different. The authors didn't contradict themselves or get the data wrong (shocking), it's just that Destiny and Vegan Gains didn't clearly state and understand the null hypothesis in question.
Context: Vegan Gains was debating Destiny and cited Mortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom to demonstrate that simply reducing meat intake isn't enough - to significantly reduce all cause mortality, you have to be vegan. Destiny noted that the following sentence that seemed to contradict Vegan Gains:

When we excluded data for participants known to have changed diet group at least once during follow-up, leaving data for 4270 deaths before age 90, there was no significant difference in risk between diet groups for all causes of death combined, as follows: low meat eaters, HR: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.02); fish eaters, HR: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.02); and vegetarians and vegans, HR: 0.92 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.99) compared with regular meat eaters; P-heterogeneity = 0.13

Vegan Gains stated he doesn't care what the authors said in the paper - what matters are the numbers. And the numbers clearly show that the confidence intervals for the hazard ratio of the vegetarian/vegan group don't cross the null (i.e. don't contain 1, as it ranges from 0.84 to 0.99); thus, there is a significant difference. So who is right here?
Definitions: skip if you already know
Hazard Ratio: basically rate of death in one group as compared to another group. In this study, reported hazard ratios are rate of death of one of the 3 diet groups as compared to regular meat eaters. For example, if I have a hazard ratio of 5 for fish eaters, that means they die at a rate 5 times that of regular meat eaters (which would be bad for fish eaters). A hazard ratio of 1 or close to 1 would mean similar rates (i.e. not much of a difference in death rates). An HR beneath 1 would be good for that diet (they die less).
P-value: the probability that (assuming the null hypothesis is correct) you'd see results at least as extreme as the ones you observed if you performed the same analysis again. For example, if I do an analysis to see what the correlation is between basketball players and height, we could say my null hypothesis is r=0 (there's no correlation). Let's say I find an 85% correlation, and the p-value is 0.0000001%. That means that, if the null hypothesis is true (there's no correlation), there'd be a 0.0000001% chance of observing results at least as extreme as an 85% correlation. In other words, that's super unlikely so we can reject the null (we reject the idea that there's no correlation). In this example, we're talking about p-values for correlation. We can also make p-values for hazard ratios.
95% Confidence Interval: basic idea is to think of it as a range of values that hopefully captures our parameter that we care about. I.E. let's say I am about to calculate a 95% confidence interval for the average weight of women. That interval will have a 95% chance of including the true average weight of women (and if we calculate it, it might come out to be like 160-180 pounds for example). In this example, we're talking about confidence intervals for average weight. We can make confidence intervals for hazard ratios as well.
Can confidence intervals tell you significance by "crossing the null"? Yes:
There's another interpretation of confidence intervals that allows you to determine statistical significance, since the p-value and the confidence interval are actually mathematically linked to one another (don't need to know how, just know they are). If the confidence interval includes your null hypothesis value, you cannot reject the null hypothesis. If it doesn't include your null hypothesis value, you can reject the null hypothesis. Further, your p-value should agree with the result from the confidence interval (i.e. a confidence interval that crosses the null means we should have a non-significant p-value). Likewise, if your p-value is significant, you will necessarily see that your confidence interval doesn't include the null. I don't know why the people Destiny brought on were saying you can't use confidence intervals to assess significance. Regardless, in this case, Vegan Gains is claiming that the null hypothesis is a hazard ratio of 1 (i.e. vegetarians/vegans have the same rate of death as regular meat eaters). If the confidence interval encompasses that (e.g. 0.8-1.2), we see no significant difference. Finally, that leads us to this ...
Explaining the discrepancy: Is VG right? No.
So isn't Vegan Gains right? After all, 0.82-0.99 doesn't include 1. Well, there's a problem. They actually calculated a p-value for us in the part I quoted. A p-value of 0.13. That p-value isn't significant at the 0.05 significance threshold (which is what we're using given 95% confidence intervals). How can this be? I just said that the confidence interval and p-value need to agree when it comes to determining significance. There's only one solution: the null hypothesis isn't that the HR = 1.
The discrepancy is that the authors wanted to know how the hazard ratios relative to regular meat eaters of each of the diet groups compared to each other (low meat, fish eaters, and vegetarians/vegans). When you do that statistical test, you find none of them are significantly different (P=0.13). Basically, the hazard ratio for low meat eaters isn't significantly different from the hazard ratio of vegan/vegetarians. The null hypothesis in this case would be that the HR for low meat = HR for fish eaters = HR for vegetarians/vegans. Since we fail to reject, we have failed to detect a statistically significant difference of the death rates (relative to regular meat eating) across the three diets.
Vegan Gains is looking at which of the 3 diets are significantly different from regular meat eaters by looking at their confidence intervals. The null hypothesis in this case would be 3 separate ones for each diet (e.g. HR for vegans/vegetarians = 1; HR for fish eaters = 1; HR for low meat eaters = 1). I think the problem here is that a proper analysis would require a correction for multiple tests, since you're doing 3 separate tests, and VG hasn't done this, so to claim that this data shows that only being vegan/vegetarian is sufficient to reduce all-cause mortality isn't the case.
What if we separate vegetarians and vegans? Maybe those cheese-breathers are dragging us down.
The authors did this. Results for vegans were: HR: 1.14 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.35). Not significantly different from any of the other diet groups. Confidence interval crosses 1. The analysis goes in detail about various causes of death and how vegans compare to regular meat eaters. I didn't read the whole study. Just thought it was worth pointing out.
If I got anything wrong, please correct me, and I'll update the post accordingly.

Hey folks,
So following up on my previous post, I've created an excel spreadsheet that can help you determine the optimal strategy to maximize syndicate coins for a given stage. As long as you have the SC/SP values for the races for a stage, you can plug it in and run the solver, and the spreadsheet will spit out the optimal solution.
You can access the calculator here. It includes precomputed the strategies for the missions up to Twilight Getaway 2.
To recap: - Why optimize payouts? It's obvious: in order to progress in DS, you need cars and Bugatti upgrades. To get those, you need Syndicate Coins. And There's only one free2play way to get syndicate coins, and that is through syndicate missions. - 2. How much does following this strategy help? I can say that you would be making 2-4k more Syndicate Coins per stage, equivalent to at least one required blueprint. - 3. Wait, but I thought doing hazard level 3 is optimal It is not. For example, in particular some hazard level 3 missions are better than others in the payout ratio. - 4. How do I get the missions I want? If Greedloft gives you a bad mission, you can reroll by switching to another account and then switching back.

Battering Ram
Power: 75
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Rock
Category: Physical
Effect: Breaks through barriers such as Light Screen and Reflect
Learned by: Basically anything that can feasibly tackle things particularly Cranidos and Rhyhorn, but also non Rock-types as well.

Cheap Shot
Power: 60
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Dark
Category: Physical
Effect: Always results in a critical hit (So basically just a weaker Wicked Blow)
Learned by: Almost every Dark-type.

Dust Devil
Power: 70
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Ground
Category: Special
Effect: Can hit flying and levitating Pokemon, does double damage during the turns of Fly and Bounce
Learned by: Ground type Pokemon that have connections to sand, think Sandslash, Flygon, Palossand etc.

Engulf
Power: 20
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Ghost
Category: Special
Effect: Deals damage, also removing the effects of binding moves, Leech Seed and entry hazards from the user’s side of the field. (Rapid Spin)
Learned by: Most Ghost types and basically any Pokemon whose Dex entry states it's able to create black holes.

Frost Slash
Power: 90
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Ice
Category: Physical
Effect: +1 critical hit ratio
Learned by: Ice-type Pokemon that have sharp claws and can feasibly slash things. (Weavile, Beartic etc)

Jet Strike
Power: 40
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Flying
Category: Physical
Effect: +1 priority
Learned by: Nearly all Flying types with wings

Meltdown
Power: 250
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Poison
Category: Special
Effect: User creates a nuclear chain reaction and faints upon using this move.
Learned by: Any Poison type that contains chemicals that may allow it to undergo a nuclear reaction (Muk, Garbodor, Weezing etc)

Overcharge
Power: -
Accuracy: -
Type: Electric
Category: Status
Effect: Raises Special Attack and Speed by one stage each
Learned by: All Electric-types

Possession
Power: 95
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Ghost
Category: Special
Effect: Damage is calculated based on the opponent’s Special Attack rather than the user’s.
Learned by: Most Ghost and Psychic-types

Psybolt
Power: 40
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Psychic
Category: Special
Effect: +1 priority
Learned by: Nearly all Psychic-types

Terrorise
Power: 110
Accuracy: 70%
Type: Ghost
Category: Special
Effect: 30% chance of confusing the target.
Learned by: Nearly all Ghost-types

Credit to all these moves goes to Pokemon Sage: https://capx.fandom.com/wiki/CAPX_Wiki

Fault
Power: 70
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Electric
Category: Special
Effect: Super effective against Ground-types despite the latter’s regular immunity. Any flying or levitating Pokemon will lose their immunity to Ground-type moves for that turn. This move doesn’t affect flying or levitating Pokemon
Learned by: Most Electric-types

Frosting
Power: -
Accuracy: -
Type: Ice
Category: Status
Effect: Coats entry hazards on the opponent’s side of the field in frost; when an opposing Pokemon enters battle, its speed is reduced by one stage in addition to the entry hazards’ regular effect. This move doesn’t stack with multiple entry hazards.
Learned by: Most Ice-types

Frost Bind
Power: -
Accuracy: -
Type: Ice
Category: Status
Effect: After using this move, if the user faints, the Pokemon that landed the knockout is frozen. The move’s chance of failing rises if used in succession.
Learned by: Most Ice-types

Imp Print
Power: 65
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Fairy
Category: Physical
Effect: 100% chance to disable moves both Pokemon know on their target.
Learned by: Any Fairy-type with paws.

Ion Surge
Power: 40
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Electric
Category: Physical
Effect: +1 priority
Learned by: All Electric-types

Malodor
Power: 60
Accuracy: 90%
Type: Poison
Category: Special
Effect: Phases the target out, -6 priority
Learned by: Any Poison types able to create a noxious smell. (Muk, Skuntank, Garbodor etc)

Paralytic Injection
Power: 80
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Poison
Category: Physical
Effect: 30% chance to paralyse the target
Learned by: Any Posion-type that can already learn Poison Jab

Pixie Fangs
Power: 75
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Fairy
Category: Physical
Effect: 30% chance for the target to flinch
Learned by: Any Fairy-type that can bite things and Pokemon that have multiple biting moves already. (Carvanha, Lillipup etc)

Prod
Power: 30
Accuracy: 90%
Type: Electric
Category: Physical
Effect: Target isn’t able to use status moves for 3 turns.
Learned by: Any Electric-types that have something with which to 'prod' their opponent with (Tail, arm etc)

Skid Out
Power: 40
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Ice
Category: Physical
Effect: Deals double damage if the target tries to switch out.
Learned by: Most Ice-types that are on the ground.

Sonnet
Power: 80
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Fairy
Category: Special
Effect: 30% chance to infatuate the target.
Learned by: Pokemon known for singing.

Tag
Power: -
Accuracy: 100%
Type: Fairy
Category: Status
Effect: Passes all stat changes onto the target
Learned by: Most baby Pokemon.

Credit to all these new moves goes to Pocket Sparrows’ Attack Alchemy: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClmNEuys7ccm_yIRGXs3rGA

Hawk Warcry
Power: -
Accuracy: -
Type: Flying
Category: Status
Effect: Raises Attack, Defense and Speed by one stage
Learned by: Any Flying type that is a large bird of prey (Staraptor, Braviary etc)

Chi Strike
Power: 80
Accuracy: 100
Type Fighting
Category: Physical
Effect: Does damage based on the user’s Attack and the target’s Special Defense
Learned by: Most Fighting and Psychic-types

These are moves that I came up with myself. They may have similarities in effects and names to other fan moves, but if it does, I haven’t seen them.

Kindly note that the price range mentioned above is only for the books in the megathread list. Any requested books unavailable in the list can cost more, so please do not make any wrong assumptions.
If you find your book in the thread below, comment "PMed" below and then send your request by clicking here (expect super quick replies).
Don't mention the title of the book in comments section, please
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Books are delivered through Google-Drive or Dropbox links within a few minutes/seconds of payment
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Torts: Cases and Materials, 4th Edition: Aaron D. Twerski & James A. Henderson & W. Bradley Wendel
Global Occupational Safety and Health Management Handbook, 1st Edition: Thomas P. Fuller
Parametric Modeling with SOLIDWORKS 2020: Randy Shih & Paul Schilling
Tort Law: Responsibilities and Redress, 4th Edition: John C. P. Goldberg & Anthony J. Sebok & Benjamin C. Zipursky
Evidence-Based Diagnosis: An Introduction to Clinical Epidemiology, 2nd Edition: Thomas B. Newman & Michael A. Kohn
Thesis and Dissertation Writing in a Second Language: A Handbook for Students and their Supervisors, 2nd Edition: Brian Paltridge & Sue Starfield
Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation, 5th Edition: William Prentice
Information Privacy Law, 6th Edition: Daniel J. Solove & Paul M. Schwartz
Theory and Treatment Planning in Counseling and Psychotherapy, 2nd Edition: Diane R. Gehart
Introduction to Probability, 2nd Edition: Joseph K. Blitzstein & Jessica Hwang
Leadership Growth Through Crisis: An Investigation of Leader Development During Tumultuous Circumstances, 1st Edition, 2020 Edition: Bruce E. Winston
Unequivocal Justice, 1st Edition: Christopher Freiman
Louise Brigham and the Early History of Sustainable Furniture Design: Antoinette LaFarge
Circular Entrepreneurship: Creating Responsible Enterprise, 1st Edition, 2019 Edition: Antonella Zucchella & Sabine Urban
AP Human Geography: with 2 Practice Tests, 9th Edition: Meredith Marsh & Peter S. Alagona
Applied Sport Mechanics, 4th Edition: Brendan Burkett
Applied Theories in Occupational Therapy: A Practical Approach, 2nd Edition: Marilyn B. Cole & Roseanna Tufano
Introducing SEO: Your quick-start guide to effective SEO practices: Aravind Shenoy & Anirudh Prabhu
Essentials of Internal Medicine, 4th Edition: Ardhendu Sinha Ray & Abhisekh Sinha Ray
Aspen Treatise for Federal Jurisdiction, 7th Edition: Erwin Chemerinsky
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Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Resource Recovery from Wastes: Sunita Varjani & Ashok Pandey & Edgard Gnansounou
Surgical Technology for the Surgical Technologist: A Positive Care Approach, 5th Edition: Association of Surgical Technologists
Study Guide for Gould's Pathophysiology for the Health Professions, 6th Edition: Karin C. VanMeter & Robert J. Hubert
Study Guide for Fundamentals of Nursing, 10th Edition: Geralyn Ochs
Stretch: Unlock the Power of Less -and Achieve More Than You Ever Imagined: Scott Sonenshein
ISO 20000 A Complete Guide: 2020 Edition: Gerardus Blokdyk
Llewellyn's 2021 Witches' Companion: A Guide to Contemporary Living: Lupa & Susan Pesznecker & Deborah Lipp & Kerri Connor
Sandra Smith's Review for NCLEX-RN®, 13th Edition: Marianne P. Barba & Sandra F. Smith
Elementary Statistics Using Excel, 5th Edition: Mario F. Triola
Elementary Statistics Using Excel, 6th Edition: Mario Triola
Dutton's Orthopaedic: Examination, Evaluation and Intervention, 4th Edition: Mark Dutton
Marketing: The Core, 5th Canadian Edition: Roger Kerin & Steven Hartley & William Rudelius

Will Zyesami get EUA?
EUA requirements: Safe, May Be Effective, No Alternatives
Safe: YES. Until today, a meaningful RCT of Safety for Zyesami did not exist. Only very small studies had been conducted and were not sufficient. For the FIRST TIME, we now have safety data. We can say with CONFIDENCE that the side-effects were mild diarrhea and low blood pressure, both of which can be easily treated. All in all, these are very MINOR. Safety is NOT to be underestimated and absolutely ESSENTIAL FOR EUA. ZYESAMI is VERY SAFE.
May Be Effective: YES. Statistically significant and Clinically effective for patients on High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) and Mechanical Ventilation reducing Length of Stay at Hospitalization by a median of 5 days (P=.043) for the combined group and 11 days for the HFNC group. The drug literally MOVED patients on some form of ventilation (severity 6-8) FROM the ICU TO HOME quicker; they may be on some degree of oxygen but basically functional (severity 2-3) at HOME. People WALK OUT OF THE HOSPITAL sooner because they are BIOLOGICALLY BETTER. ZYESAMI also showed an advantage in 15 of 16 comparisons and demonstrated a 40% or better advantage (hazard ratio <0.7). The likelihood of this magnitude of advantage being seen by chance alone is about 1 in 2,000 (P=.0005).
No Alterative: Simply, there is no alternative (adequate, approved, available, sufficient supply). Remdesivir featured significant reduction in hospital length of stay for less sick patients (severity 4-5) but showed statistical INSIGNIFANCE for the more sick patients (severity 6-8), the population treated in the Zyesami trial. Remdesivir (Liver and Kidney problems, severe allergic reactions, slow heartbeat, trouble breathing) is WAY more UNSAFE than Zyesami.
The FDA set the bar for Covid EUA using Hospital Length of Stay. LOS has clearly been the precedent for Covid EUA. It's important to of course remember that we are in the middle of a 1 in 100 year PANDEMIC. Opportunities to invoke the EUA procedure are generally extremely rare for any disease. Looking at recent precedence for previous Covid EUA is entirely logical. This is in stark contrast to a new drug application (NDA), a much more stringent standard, which requires stable shelf-time, safe, effective (not maybe), more than ONE study. Zyesami is on the road to NDA by starting multiple additional studies this year - Inhaled, iSpy, Activ3 - that will all play into the NDA application. An EUA will pave the way to do the full work required to submit an NDA. Also, meeting EUA criteria does not require primary outcome effectiveness (still waiting on that) whereas NDA is much more common. LOS is MEANINGFUL and the PRECEDENT for Covid. That said, Dr. Javitt has received FULL FDA approval based on secondary outcomes before. Remember, Dr. Javitt is a legend.
We still have 60 day data to look forward to (Feb 22 should be last patient, Dec 24 + 60 days). We also may find out more about the primary outcome as patient-level data was blinded, and so not all 28 day timing data has been examined. We also learned about some data issues that result in more time to resolve and review: that because hospitals were overloaded, patients were in 'intermediary' rooms because the ICU was full. Also, patient-level data could not be shared electronically via data integration and had to be reviewed via web cam, which is error-prone. Length of stay and leaving the ICU, on the other hand is binary and easy to calculate, and therefore report on quickly.
Other thoughts - Manufacturing and distribution is in place for EUA. Marketing will take of itself - a Covid drug with an EUA that help patients with severity 6-8 is in rare company. Our marketing will be grass-roots from Doctors as well as from Dr. Fauci touting Zyesami with Lester Holt on the national NBC evening news.
Based on all of the above, does Zyesami appear EUA (Safe, May be Effective, No Alternatives) worthy?

Here was my post:
"The importance of the Book of Mormon according to LDS Apostles and Prophets:
“Take away the Book of Mormon, and the revelations, and where is our religion? We have none.” (Joseph Smith, Minute Book 1, p. 44)
“There are three ways in which the Book of Mormon is the keystone of our religion. It is the keystone in our witness of Christ. It is the keystone of our doctrine. It is the keystone of [our] testimony... Just as the arch crumbles if the keystone is removed, so does all the Church stand or fall with the truthfulness of the Book of Mormon.” (Ezra Taft Benson, The Book of Mormon – Keystone of Our Religion, Ensign, Oct 1986)
“If the origin of the Book of Mormon could be proved to be other than that set forth by Joseph Smith; if the book itself could be proved to be other than it claims to be…then the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and its message and doctrines…must fall; for if that book is other than it claims to be; if its origin is other than that ascribed to it by Joseph Smith, then Joseph Smith says that which is untrue; he is a false prophet of false prophets; and all he taught and all his claims to inspiration and divine authority, are not only vain but wicked; and all that he did as a religious teacher is not only useless, but mischievous beyond human comprehending.” (B.H. Roberts, President of the Quorum of Seventies and LDS Historian, New Witness for God, 2 (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1909), iii-vii. as quoted in The Secret Mormon Meetings of 1922 by Shannon Caldwell Montez, December 2019, p. 11-12)
“...everything in the Church – everything – rises or falls on the truthfulness of the Book of Mormon and, by implication, the Prophet Joseph Smith’s account of how it came forth...It sounds like a 'sudden death' proposition to me. Either the Book of Mormon is what the Prophet Joseph said it is or this Church and its founder are false, fraudulent, a deception from the first instance onward.” (Apostle Jeffrey R. Holland, True or False, New Era, June 1995)
“This book [Book of Mormon] must be either true or false. If true, it is one of the most important messages ever sent from God to man, affecting both the temporal and eternal interests of every people under heaven to the same extent and in the same degree that the message of Noah affected the inhabitants of the old world. If false, it is one of the most cunning, wicked, bold, deep-laid impositions ever palmed upon the world, calculated to deceive and ruin millions who will sincerely receive it as the word of God, and will suppose themselves securely built upon the rock of truth until they are plunged with their families into hopeless despair.
The nature of the message in the Book of Mormon is such, that if true, no one can possibly be saved and reject it; if false, no one can possibly be saved and receive it. Therefore, every soul in all the world is equally interested in ascertaining its truth or falsity. In a matter of such infinite importance no person should rest satisfied with the conjectures or opinions of others; he should use every exertion himself to become acquainted with the nature of the message: he should carefully examine the evidences on which it is offered to the world: he should, with all patience and perseverance, seek to acquire a certain knowledge as to whether it be of God or not. Without such an investigation in the most careful, candid, and impartial manner, he cannot safely judge without greatly hazarding his future and eternal welfare.
If, after a rigid examination, it [Book of Mormon] be found an imposition, it should be extensively published to the world as such; the evidences and arguments upon which the imposture was detected, should be clearly and logically stated, that those who have been sincerely yet unfortunately deceived, may perceive the nature of the deception, and be reclaimed, - and that those who continue to publish the delusion, may be exposed and silenced, not by physical force, neither by persecutions, bare assertions, nor ridicule, but by strong and powerful arguments — by evidences adduced from scripture and reason. Such, and such only, should be the weapons employed to detect and overthrow false doctrines — to reclaim mankind from their errors — to expose religious enthusiasm — and to put to silence base and wicked impostors.” (Apostle Orson Pratt, Divine Authenticity of the Book of Mormon, p.1)"

Lupine Publishers | An archive of organic and inorganic chemical sciences
Abstract
We reported the synthesis of Cu4O3 nanoparticles fabricated by Camellia Sinensis (green tea) leaves extract as reducing and stabilizing agent and studied the azo dyes removal efficiency. The formation of copper oxide nanoparticles was confirmed after change in solution of salt and plant extract from green to pale yellow. Subsequently, the above said nanoparticles were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV spectrophotometer for size and morphology. The average particle size of copper oxide nanoparticle was found to be 17.26nm by XRD shrerrer equation, average grain diameter by SEM was calculated 8.5×10-2mm with spherical and oval shaped. UV spectroscopy range was between 200-400nm. These copper oxide nanoparticles were applied as azo dyes (Congo red and malachite green) degradation. Effect of reaction parameters were studied for optimum conditions. Kinetic models like Langmuir, Freundlich and elovich models were applied. Finally, concluded that these particles are effective degradation potential of azo dyes at about 70-75% from aqueous solution.
Keywords: Green Tea; Cu4O3; Green synthesis; XRD; Congored; Malachite Green
Background
With elevating improvement in technology, the Scientific developments are approaching to new horizons [1]. Besides supplementary needs, the stipulation of industrial wastewater has increased swiftly, supervened in the huge amount of wastewater including azo dyes. Azo dyes are the foremost group of commercial pollutants [2]. Azo dyes are class of synthetic dyes with a complex aromatic structure and contain two adjacent nitrogen bond (N=N), that can accompany color to materials [3]. Furthermore, the aromatic structures of dyes form them sturdy and not- biodegrade [4]. Textile consume prodigious quantities of hazardous chemicals particularly in dyeing operations. This work is constructed on malachite green and congored azo dyes. The toxic Habit of the azo dyes can be elaborated by fact that upon decomposition it breaks up into hazardous products [5]. The MG and CR azo dyes toxic dye which has been removed from water samples through the physical, chemical and biological methods. Azo dyes are toxic, probably cause aesthetic problems and mutagenic and carcinogenic effects on human health, so must be degraded [6]. Therefore, the adsorption method by using copper oxide metal nanoparticles for wastewater treatment comprised with azo dyes. Cu4O3 nanoparticle were applied as an adsorbent for the degradation of MG and CR dyes and its kinetic and isotherm studies. Biogenic technology is regarded an emerging advancement of the current time which has been utilized to synthesize nanoparticles of a desired shape and size by using plant extract [7]. Consequently, the synthesized nanoparticles using innovative techniques which is used as cost-friendly reagent and less reactive. The work symbolizes application of conventional physical and also chemical methods for decolorization of azo dyes. physical method includes osmosis, filtration, adsorption and flocculation. the chemical method (oxidation, electrolysis) and biological method (microorganism, enzymes) are also applicable [8]. Green technology deals with the manipulation of matter at size typically b/w 1-100nm range. Nanoparticles having high surface to volume ratio responsible for enhanced properties [9]. Specific area is appropriate for adsorption property and other relevant properties such as dye removal [10].
Azo dye normally has aromatic structure and N=N bond that’s why they are hardly biodegradable [11,12]. These dyes have also mutagenic and carcinogenic effect. Normally, conventional methods have considerably less potential of degradation. Copper oxide nanoparticles have efficient power of dyes removal [12-17]. Most probably, copper oxide are low cost and novel adsorbent of azodyes. Copper oxide nanoparticle has efficiency of azo dyes removal from wastewater [12]. Malachite green dye (C23H25N2 with molar mass364.911g/mol) is organic in nature. Its lethal dose is 80mg/kg the structure of malachite green dye is in Figure 1 below. Congo red an azo dye is sodium salt of 3,3′-bis structure. Congo red dye is water soluble, its solubility is enhanced in organic solvents. Its molecular formula is C32H22N6Na2O6S2 with molar mass of 696.665 g/mol [13- 14]. The structure is given below Figure 2. The Camellia synesis is evergreen small tree. The Camellia synesis leaves act as capping and reducing agent during the synthesis of metal nanoparticle. There are certain properties of green tea extract such as antitumor, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antiviral, blood pressure and lowering activity [18-22] (Figure 3). Plant extract has some chemicals like phenols, acid, vitamins, responsible for reduction of metal [23]. Camellia synesis leaves have polyphenols, catechins (ECG), OH groups which cause copper metal reduction (Table 1). Copper oxide Cu4O3 is known as paramelaconite material in tetragonal shape. Plants contain a wide range of secondary metabolites included phenolics help a vital role in the reduction of copper metal ions yielding nanoparticles [24]. Thus, ideally be used for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Copper oxide Cu4O3 is known as paramelaconite material in tetragonal shape. Copper nanoparticles synthesis by using green tea has Nano range particle size confirmed by characterization [25-28]. This is One-step processes in which no surfactants and other capping agents used.

Aims of Study

The main aim of the study was
To extract copper nanoparticles using camellia sinensis leaves
a) To characterize the copper NPs
b) To study its potential to degrade azodyes
c) To find out the effect of different experimental parameters on %degradation.
d) Kinetic study of adsorption of congored and malachite green dye

Method

Material and Method

The material used for the preparation of copper nanoparticles Cu4O3 includes copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O from Sigma Aldrich) and camellia sinensis leaves (from botanical garden of institute) for the preparation of green tea extract. All chemicals used were of analytical grade and pure (Figure 4).

Preparation of Green Tea Extract

Green tea leaves of 30g were taken and then washed with distilled water. further, the leaves were dried and then ground. The powder of green tea was used in the formation of extract [29]. The 100ml of deionized water was used. Later, the solution was boiled for 10 minutes and subsequently kept at low temperature after filtration.

Preparation of Cu4O3 Nanoparticles

A copper sulfate soln. of 50ml was added into 5ml of green tea extract. Magnetic stirrer was used for stirring. The color changed from green to pale yellow and finally dark brown confirmed the formation of nanoparticles. After the formation of nanoparticles, solution was centrifuged at the speed of 1000rpm for 20 mins. After the removal of supernatant copper oxide nanoparticles were dried and washed with ethanol. At the end calcination was performed at 500 degree for one hour and resultantly black colored particles were collected for characterization [27-29].

Results

Characterization of Cu4O3 Nanoparticles

UV spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used in order to characterize the size, shape, chemical and structural composition of Cu4O3 nanoparticles [30]. During the study, the green color soln. transformed into dark brown which confirm the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles.

X-Ray Diffraction Studies

The X-ray diffraction pattern of copper oxide nanoparticles were examined by x-ray diffractometer. To determine the intensity of copper oxide nanoparticles, the powder was added in the XRD cubes for analysis. The resultant pattern of the copper oxide nanoparticles was matched with JCPDS card number (033-0480), the peaks at 2θ intensity 28.09, 30.61, 36.14 and 44.14 and have 112, 103, 202 and 213 patterns respectively. However, average crystal size calculated by the Scherrer equation keeping lemda at 0.154 and FWHM value calculated 0.5 found was 17.2nm. The shapes of the particles of Cu4O3 nanoparticles in XRD was tetragonal [31-33].

Name and Formula

Reference code: 00-033-0480
Mineral name: Paramelaconite
Compound name: Copper OxideEmpirical formula: Cu4O3
Chemical formula: Cu4O3

Ultraviolet Spectroscopy:

The range at which copper oxide nanoparticles appeared was 200-400nm. The maximum absorption peak was confirmed at 280nm which confirmed the copper oxide nanoparticles (Figure 6).

FTIR Analysis:

In the current study, FTIR spectrum was examined to determine the copper nanoparticles functional group peaks. The overall peak was observed in ranged from 400 to 4000cm-1. The spectrum at peak 3310.7cm and 1611.2cm revealing the (Figure 7) presence of alcoholic group. The bands at 3310.7cm- 1, and 2850cm-1 another functional group present are listed in table below (Table 2).

SEM Analysis:

The average particle size of copper nanoparticle was analyzed by SEM model (JSM-6480). The range of grain of copper oxide nanoparticle was calculated about 8.5 ×10-2mm by SEM micrograph. The prepared copper oxide nanoparticles were well dispersed. It was observed that particles were smooth with a tetragonal shape (Figure 8).

Removal of Malachite Green and Congo Red Azo Dye by Cu4o3 Nanoparticles

Preparation of Standard Solution: In 1-liter distilled water, the dye was dissolved to prepare 1000ppm solution of malachite green and Congo red. From stock solution different concentrations of dyes were prepared. After dilution from 1000ppm solution to 100ppm solution was prepared. From that 150, 200, 250-ppm solution were prepared. Efficiency of Color removal was calculated by percentage degradation formula
% decolorization of dye= A-B /A×100.
Where A and B are absorbance of dye solution without nanoparticles and with particles respectively.
Mechanism of Azodye Degradation
50 microliter of the hydrogen peroxide H2O2 was added as the oxidizing agent to yield hydroxyl radical. Catalytic activity process mainly depends on the formation of superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical. The concentration of CR and MG dyes in aqueous solutions were measured by UV–vis spectrophotometer. A reducing agent H2O2 was added with adsorbent to check the adsorption capacity.

Effect of Experimental Parameters On % Degradation of Dye Removal

Time effect: Effect of time on percentage degradation of azo dyes was also studied by UV spectrophotometer. The samples of copper oxide NPs synthesized by green tea C-1, C-2(GT) were calculated. The time required for removal of above said dye was between (40-45min) and percentage removal was observed for all samples between 70-75%. The result of graphs clearly shows the time effect on color degradation of azo dye malachite green-MG and acid red 28-CR by using adsorbent copper oxides nanoparticles. The experimental conditions during experiment were kept constant just like temperature 308 kelvin and initial concentration of adsorbent was within ranges from 20- 250mg/l. Samples C-1, C-2 are samples codes synthesized by camellia sinensis leaves extract at different temperatures. In figure below C-1 sample is dye+ adsorbent +H202 and C-2 sample without reducing agent. It was concluded from graphs %degradation enhanced in presence of reducing agents. Figure 9 Effect of time by copper oxide nanoparticles samples C-1, C-2(Green tea mediated) on malachite green dye and Congo red dye calculated by ultraviolet spectrophotometer DB-20.
Adsorption Kinetics Studies: The kinetics of azo dye adsorption was carried under selecting optimum operating conditions. The kinetic parameters are helpful for the estimation of adsorption rate. A solution prepared by dissolving 20mg of adsorbent in 50ml of 10ppm dyes and continuously stirred.
Adsorption Kinetic Studies of Copper Oxide NPs: The pseudo-second-order model was found to explain the adsorption kinetics most effectively. The results indicated a significant potential of nanoparticles as an adsorbent for azo dye removal. The straight line shows that nanoparticles follow pseudo-second-order kinetics rather than first orde

Adsorption Reaction Isotherm Models

Langmuir Isotherm Model: The Langmuir isotherm is applicable for adsorption of a solute as monolayer adsorption on a surface having few numbers of identical sites. Langmuir isotherm model provide energies of adsorption onto the plain. That’s why, the Langmuir isotherm model is selected for adsorption capacity relating to monolayer surface of adsorbent. Adsorption process fits the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models. Langmuir isotherm or single crystal surfaces describes well adsorption at low medium coverage, adsorption into multilayer is ruled out. Parameters of different models studied in this research are listed below in Table 3.
Freundlich Isotherm Model: The Freundlich isotherm model is suitable for the adsorption of dye on the adsorbent. Freundlich equation is stated below
In qe = Kf qm+ 1/n InCe
qe is the amount used of azo dye in unit of mg/g, Ce is the equilibrium concentration of the azo dye and Kf and n are constants factors affecting the capacity of adsorption and adsorption speed. The graph between lnqe versus ln Ce shows linearity. The adsorption reaction isotherms are fitted to models by linear square method. The result shows in this study that Langmuir model fit better than the Freundlich model. The adsorption activity of copper oxide nanoparticle samples prepared by green source were observed against the degradation of malachite green and congored azodyes (Figure15).

Discussion

In present we reported an eco-friendly and cost-efficient preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles by leaf extract of camellia sinensis. the characterization of particles were performed by SEM, UV, XRD, FTIR analysis. UV spectroscopy peak was observed at 280nm and a broadband observed which confirmed nanoparticles existence. The particle size was calculated by Scherrer equation was 17.26nm. The SEM results confirmed tetragonal shape of cu403 particles with grain average diameter 8.5×10-2nm, and FTIR spectra indicated the peaks of OH, C=C, C-H functional groups, which is due to thin coating of extract on nanoparticles. The calculated surface area of nanoparticles was 65m2/g. The %degradation of azo dyes malachite green and congored range were b/w70-75% at maximum 0.2g/l and 20mg/l dosage of adsorbent and dye. The optimum time was b/w 30-40mint, PH 3-4, temperature 70-80 Co for maximum degradation. The effect of different experimental parameters was studied on percentage degradation of dyes. The azo dyes congored and malachite green dyes adsorption isotherm models were studied. The reaction kinetics followed pseudo second order for both dyes rather than first order. The Langmuir model fit better with linearity rather than Freundlich, which confirmed by graph having r2 0.98,0.99and0.95 values for models. The elovich model also linear fit. In conclusion, copper oxide nanoparticles keep excellent azo dyes degradation potential.

Conclusion

In present we reported an eco-friendly and cost-efficient preparation of copper oxide nanoparticles by leaf extract of camellia Sinensis. According to kinetic study it proved that Cu4O3 NPs keep excellent adsorption capability for MG and CR azo dyes.
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Over the past few years we've heard all sorts of dire warnings about the effects of sitting. "Your Desk Job Makes You Fat, Sick, and Dead" is just one of the alarming headlines that have accompanied the news.
A report out Wednesday in the journal provides a somewhat predictable solution. It says the key to canceling out the dangers of sitting is to be active. What's more helpful is the study's formula that calculates just how much physical activity is needed to ward off the risks of sitting: it's a ratio of one to eight. You must be active for one hour to make up for every eight hours staying put, which for most people equates to about 60 or 75 minutes per day. The activity doesn't have to be rigorous--even brisk walking would suffice--and it can be completed in shorter increments.
The study, lead by Professor Ulf Ekelund for the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences and the University of Cambridge, comes from an analysis of about 1 million people aged 45 and older in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia. The study says that being active can reduce or eliminate sitting's hazards, like death, diabetes, and some cancers.
The study's prescribed 60-75 minutes of activity is more than what's recommended in most public health guidelines. Examining the joint effects of sitting and physical activity is important, the authors argue, because most people engage in both behaviors every day, "so the effects of both should be considered in public health guidelines. "
And there's an urgency to adopting this new advice.
An accompanying study calculates that physical inactivity cost health care systems worldwide a combined $ billion in 2013, $ billion of which was paid for by the public sector. Plus, deaths related to physical inactivity contribute to $ billion in productivity losses. Higher-income countries bear a larger proportion of the economic consequences while lower- and middle-income countries have a larger proportion of the disease burden.

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Hazard Ratio Calculator - Calculate Hazard Ratio, HR

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